Long-Lived False-vacuum-Trapped Self-Bound Neutron-rich Droplets

RESUMO

We propose a novel class of anomalous nuclear matter: self-bound, neutron-rich droplets trapped in false vacuum associated with the nuclear liquid-gas phase transition in heavy-ion collisions. During the early stage of the fireball expansion, strongly correlated local clusters dynamically decouple from the bulk medium and are excited into the liquid phase. As the ambient fireball cools rapidly, these clusters are quenched into metastable anomalous droplets with isospin asymmetry from ambient neutron-enrichment. Mechanical equilibrium among nuclear pressure difference, Coulomb repulsion, and surface tension stabilizes droplets at radii of order $\mathcal{O}(10)$ fm. Isospin asymmetry induces high potential barrier that suppresses decay channels, yielding long lifetimes. These droplets are expected to exhibit characteristic charge-to-mass ratios distinct from conventional neutron-rich nuclei, providing clear experimental signatures for future heavy-ion collision searches.