WFST Follow-up of S251112cm: Searching for an Optical Counterpart to a Subsolar-mass Compact-binary Merger Candidate

RESUMO

Electromagnetic counterparts to gravitational-wave (GW) sources probe the properties, environments, and evolution of compact-object mergers. S251112cm belongs to an emerging class of GW candidates with possible subsolar-mass components. We present an optical counterpart search for S251112cm with the Wide Field Survey Telescope (WFST). The observations began 20.2 hr after the GW trigger and continued for three nights, covering approximately $780~\mathrm{deg}^{2}$ and $51\%$ of the localization probability in the updated skymap. We searched for newly emerging, rapidly evolving, off-nuclear optical transients and identified four candidates whose host-galaxy distances are broadly consistent with the GW distance estimate. However, all four evolve substantially more slowly than AT 2017gfo, ruling out an AT 2017gfo-like origin and disfavoring their association with S251112cm as rapidly evolving kilonova counterparts. Combining WFST and DECam observations increases the covered localization probability to approximately 67%. Conditional on the counterpart lying within this footprint, we constrain a grid of binary-neutron-star kilonova models. For viewing angles $\theta_{\rm obs}<60^{\circ}$, with the other parameters fixed to the best-fitting values for AT 2017gfo, models with dynamical ejecta mass $M_{\rm dyn}\gtrsim0.01\,M_{\odot}$ or wind ejecta mass $M_{\rm wind}\gtrsim0.05\,M_{\odot}$ are disfavored over most of the covered GW probability. Beyond kilonova models, our phenomenological analysis constrains rapidly evolving optical transients with $T_{\rm rise,1/2}\leq2$ days to peak absolute magnitudes fainter than approximately -13 mag. To our knowledge, the coordinated WFST and DECam observations provide the strongest optical constraints to date on possible rapidly evolving counterparts to this new class of GW candidates involving subsolar-mass compact objects.