The semigroup generated by linear fractional divergence form operators in $L^p(\mathbb{R}^N)$: the constant coefficient case

RESUMO

Let $0<s<1$ and $A$ be a constant symmetric positive definite matrix. Given the quadratic form $$ Q_A(u)=\int_{\R^N} A\nabla^s u(x)\cdot \nabla^s u(x)\,dx, $$ where $\nabla^s$ denotes the Riesz fractional gradient, we establish necessary and sufficient conditions such that $Q_A$ defines a Dirichlet form. In strike contrast with the local case $s=1$, positive definiteness of a constant matrix is not sufficient for the Markov property when $0<s<1$. We also describe the associated symmetric Markov semigroup and its $L^p$ realizations, prove the existence of a smooth nonnegative heat kernel and establish a bounded $H^\infty$ functional calculus.