Constraint-Traceable Liquid-Nitrogen Dewar Design for Low-Noise HTS-SQUID Magnetometry

RESUMO

Compact high-temperature superconducting quantum interference device (HTS-SQUID) magnetometers require a liquid-nitrogen Dewar that balances operating duration against instrument-envelope and mass constraints. Here we introduced a constraint-traceable design workflow in which body radius and neck-length fraction were scanned under fixed outer-envelope volume and geometry-based mass limits. The longest-duration feasible grid point lay adjacent to the 3.85 kg and 550 mm constraint intersection, predicting 224 h hold time from a body-only initial fill to a residual liquid depth of 10 mm. A reference Dewar was experimentally monitored for 137.3 h, consuming 1.22 L liquid-nitrogen of its initial inventory. A thermal model calibrated over the first 40 h reproduced the remaining 97.3 h. Device measurements at liquid-nitrogen temperature showed a superconducting transition and Fraunhofer-like junction response, a maximum voltage-modulation depth of 36.2 $\mu$V, and a median noise level of 41.5 fT Hz$^{-1/2}$ from 100 to 1000 Hz. These results establish a reproducible method for selecting Dewar geometry under coupled constraints and demonstrate compatibility with long-endurance and low-noise HTS-SQUID magnetometer systems.