On Nilpotent and Hypocentral Quandle Homomorphisms

RESUMO

We introduce a notion of nilpotency for surjective quandle homomorphisms, which relativizes the nilpotency of quandles recently defined by Darné. A surjective homomorphism is called nilpotent if its relative inner automorphism group is nilpotent relative to the inner automorphism group of the source. We show that this condition can equally be described through the relative transvection group and the relative adjoint group, and that it is equivalent to being a finite composite of covering homomorphisms. Extending the relative lower central series to transfinite ordinals, we then introduce hypocentral homomorphisms and characterize them as the surjections that are right orthogonal to the strongly connected homomorphisms. As a consequence, the strongly connected and the hypocentral homomorphisms form an orthogonal factorization system for the surjections in the category of quandles. Finally, we also introduce reduced and operator-reduced homomorphisms, which relativize reduced quandles, and give sufficient conditions for such a homomorphism to be nilpotent.