NOC NOC, who's there? Clustering systems of tree-child and normal networks

RESUMO

Clustering systems provide a natural way to encode structural information contained in phylogenetic networks. In this note, we study the clustering systems of normal and tree-child networks through an overlap-based property of set systems, called not-overlap-covered (NOC). We show that the NOC property is equivalent to inclusion-visibility, a memberwise formulation of the strict-compatibility condition previously used for tree-child clustering systems. We characterize normal networks as precisely the semi-regular networks whose clustering systems satisfy NOC. Consequently, a clustering system is realized by a normal network if and only if it satisfies NOC, or equivalently, if every one of its clusters is inclusion-visible. In this case, the Hasse diagram provides a canonical normal realization. These are exactly the clustering systems realized by tree-child networks. The NOC formulation yields a sharp quadratic upper bound on the number of distinct clusters of tree-child and normal networks and a direct polynomial-time recognition algorithm. Finally, we explore several consequences of the NOC perspective beyond the phylogenetic setting. These include connections to the enumeration of normal networks, an order-theoretic interpretation of inclusion-visibility, structural properties of NOC set systems, and a tractable special case of Minimum Set Cover, which is NP-hard in general.