Progress in Muon Cooling and Moderation Techniques

RESUMO

Muon beams are essential tools for a wide range of applications such as the search for rare muon decays and muon spectroscopy. However, conventional muon beams produced from pion decay have large emittance and broad momentum spread. Conventional beam-cooling techniques cannot improve the beam quality significantly owing to the 2.2 $\mu$s muon mean lifetime. This has motivated the development of dedicated muon beam cooling and moderation methods. This review surveys the principal approaches, including ionisation cooling for high-brightness muon beams, low-energy muon moderation and frictional cooling for slow muon production, and laser ionisation of thermal muonium for ultra-low-emittance muon sources. The challenges associated with producing slow negative muons and emerging concepts based on cyclotron trapping and muon-catalysed fusion are also discussed. These complementary techniques offer promising pathways towards next-generation muon facilities and precision experiments.