PDE-constrained inverse problems at the $\sqrt{n}$ rate via debiased physics-informed neural networks

RESUMO

We study the problem of estimating unknown parameters in PDE-constrained inverse problems from noisy observations, where the PDE solution is approximated using Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs). While PINNs have demonstrated remarkable empirical success, existing estimators often inherit the slow nonparametric convergence rate of the neural-network solution, leading to biased and statistically inefficient inference for the finite-dimensional parameters of interest. To address this, we propose a two-step debiased estimation procedure that combines neural-network-based nonparametric estimation with an influence-function-based bias correction. By eliminating the first-order sensitivity of the estimator to errors in the nuisance function, our procedure yields a $\sqrt{n}$-consistent and asymptotically normal estimator without requiring undersmoothing of the neural network component. We further extend this framework to Bayesian inference by replacing the original likelihood with a debiased quasi-likelihood and establish a Bernstein-von Mises theorem showing that the resulting posterior contracts at the $\sqrt{n}$-rate with an asymptotic covariance matching that of the frequentist estimator. As a by-product of our analysis, we establish near-minimax optimal convergence rates for estimating a nonparametric regression function and its derivatives in Sobolev spaces using neural networks. Extensive numerical experiments corroborate our theoretical findings and demonstrate the necessity of the proposed debiasing procedure for valid statistical inference in PDE-constrained inverse problems.