Towards High-Throughput Visible Photonic Lanterns for the EMARCOT Project

RESUMO

Photonic EMARCOT is an innovative project involving Spanish, German and Australian research institutes that aims to integrate multiple Optical Tube Assemblies (OTAs) using photonic lanterns. The "Pathfinder" prototype, featuring seven OTAs with a 1.1-meter effective aperture, will feed a spectrograph at the Calar Alto Observatory, with first light expected in 2026. We report the fabrication and experimental evaluation of a custom 7x1 multi-mode photonic lantern (MMPL) developed for this framework, featuring seven 25 um core multi-mode inputs merging into a single 50 um core multi-mode output optimized for the visible wavelength range (400-700 nm). Optical characterization centered at 600 nm reveals exceptional channel-to-channel uniformity, with statistical variations close to zero across both bare-fiber and connectorized MMPL configurations. However, the total baseline throughput of this initial device was limited to below 4%. From the refractive index studies, this low throughput is attributed to severe refractive index mismatch between the internal fiber cladding geometry and the structural capillary, which suppresses total internal reflection during the tapering transition. This work establishes an important diagnostic baseline that highlights the necessary fabrication tolerances needed to improve future high-throughput manufacturing processes for precision radial-velocity astronomy.