PAPER / ARXIV:2609.10695
Nicholas W. Borsato (1, 2, 3 and 4), Brian Thorsbro (2 and 5), Jens Hoeijmakers (2), Daniel B. Zucker (3 and 4), Stefan Pelletier (6), Bibiana Prinoth (2) ((1) Universite de Toulouse, CNES, CNRS, IRAP, Toulouse, France, (2) Lund Observatory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden, (3) School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia, (4) Astrophysics and Space Technologies Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia, (5) Observatoire de la Cote d'Azur, CNRS, Universite Cote d'Azur, Nice, France, (6) Observatoire astronomique de l'Universite de Geneve, Versoix, Switzerland)
RESUMO
Ultra-hot Jupiters (UHJs) are the most extreme class of close-in gas giants. We combine 13 transit observations of KELT-9b from six high-resolution spectrographs spanning 316-960 nm to conduct a census of atomic and ionised species in its atmosphere using cross-correlation. We introduce an agnostic strategy to mitigate velocity-axis correlation bias in parameter uncertainties. A forward model of the cross-correlation function (CCF) and a Monte Carlo bootstrap of flux uncertainties measure the CCF-derived velocity profiles of individual species and assess their time dependence. The stellar reference frame is determined, yielding Vsys = -17.99 +/- 0.04 km s^-1 and v sin i = 110.54 +/- 0.05 km s^-1. All previously reported species are recovered except Tb II; the combined analysis detects 29 species, including C I, Si I, K I, V II, Co I, Zr II, La II, Pr II, and Nd II. All 29 recovered species exceed the conventional 5 sigma threshold in the bootstrap Mahalanobis significance test. The collective Doppler shifts show a blueshift of Delta Voffset = -8.02 +/- 0.17 km s^-1 relative to the stellar rest frame, indicating a net day-to-night wind, with no explicit time dependence when all species are homogenised. These results provide a catalogue of detections and retrieved Doppler parameters for a companion study of KELT-9b.
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