The changing optical and X-ray emission of the dormant $γ$ Cas star HD 45314

RESUMO

$\gamma$ Cas stars are Oe/Be stars that exhibit bright and hard X-ray emission. HD45314 belonged to this category, but lost its $\gamma$ Cas characteristics as its circumstellar disc started to fade away. The star was monitored in optical spectroscopy, optical photometry, and X-ray spectroscopy to follow its variability on timescales of hours to years. Time series of magnitudes, colours, line equivalent widths and violet over red peak intensity ratios were analysed with Fourier methods to uncover possible periodicities. For five years, HD45314 exhibited oscillations of its magnitude and line strengths on a timescale of 230 d. It then declined towards a nearly disc-free stage and is now slowly rebuilding its disc. During these phases, the violet over red peak intensity ratio exhibited a modulation on a timescale of about 1190 d. Over the whole campaign, prominent short-term photometric variations, notably at a frequency of 3.369 d$^{-1}$, were probably due to $\beta$ Cep-type pulsations. The amplitude of these pulsations was stronger during phases of overall brightness changes. In parallel, the X-ray spectrum switched to a low state at the onset of the oscillation phase and has remained in this low state since then. Some residual hard emission is nonetheless observed. HD45314's long-term optical variations bear resemblance with the predictions of smooth particle hydrodynamics calculations, although a close look does reveal some inconsistencies. Unlike some other $\gamma$ Cas stars, where the X-ray emission remained nearly constant despite major changes of the circumstellar disc, HD45314's X-ray properties changed dramatically as the disc begun to dissipate. These differences might arise from a wider orbital separation between the Oe star and its putative white dwarf companion or from the ablation of the disc by the radiation field of the Oe star.