The Ashes of Supermassive Stars: Globular Cluster-like Aluminum Enhancement in Little Red Dots

RESUMO

The relative abundances of elements in galaxies serve as fossil records of the physical conditions and processes by which they were forged. While the Big Bang produced only the lightest elements, subsequent stellar nucleosynthesis imprinted characteristic abundance patterns onto the surrounding gas, set initially by the temperatures reached inside stars and subsequently shaped by how the processed material was mixed and released. Globular clusters - dense, ancient groups of stars - provide a striking unique example. Some contain stars depleted in magnesium and enriched in aluminum, showing that they formed from gas exposed to exceptionally hot hydrogen burning. The stars responsible remain unknown. Little Red Dots may provide this missing engine. These compact, luminous objects formed at cosmic epochs similar to those associated with globular-cluster formation and are enshrouded by dense gas whose chemical composition can be measured with the James Webb Space Telescope. Here, using deep spectroscopy from the SPURS program, we show that this abundance pattern characterizes the LRD central engine: magnesium-depleted and aluminum-enhanced gas with a metallicity only 1% that of the Sun. This pattern is not produced by ordinary massive stars at these redshifts and cannot be mimicked by ionization, gas geometry or dust. Instead, it is reproduced by hot hydrogen burning in fully convective supermassive stars, with the measured abundances implying masses of at least 10,000 solar masses - approximately 100 times larger than any star observed in the present-day Universe. Little Red Dots may therefore reveal supermassive stars during their brief lives or in the immediate aftermath of their direct collapse, simultaneously identifying the long-sought source of globular cluster abundance anomalies and a formation pathway for massive black hole seeds.