Quantity, quality, and timing: Guiding glacier data assimilation strategies in the high Arctic

RESUMO

Accurate simulation of glacier surface mass balance is essential for predicting sea level rise and freshwater resources, but it is constrained by uncertainties in meteorological forcing and model parameters. Here, we deploy glacier data assimilation strategies to assess the value of observations for improving surface mass balance simulation, focusing on observation quantity, quality, and timing. We perform synthetic twin experiments on Kongsvegen glacier, Svalbard, using a Particle Batch Smoother with 1000 ensemble members. Synthetic observations of albedo, snow depth, and surface temperature are assimilated at two quality levels, under two climatic scenarios, and over 12 years. Assimilation benefit is measured as the percentage improvement in the continuous ranked probability score of the posterior glacier surface mass balance relative to the prior. A single optimally timed high quality observation yields mean improvements of up to 80\%. Larger numbers of low quality observations partially compensate for lower improvement. In the accumulation zone, however, additional snow depth observations degrade performance through particle degeneracy. Optimal timing is governed by the seasonal transitions of the truth trajectory rather than by prior ensemble spread alone. The optimal windows shift by up to six weeks between early and late melting years. Joint assimilation adds value through temporal diversity rather than observational diversity, while independently timed observations outperform same day combinations. The asynchronously optimally timed combined assimilation of three variables sustains improvements of 85 to 97\% across all years in the ablation zone. These findings provide guidelines for adaptive observation scheduling in glacier monitoring and reanalysis.