A Foundation Model for Large-Scale Wireless Network Planning , Operation and Optimization

RESUMO

Wireless cellular networks form the connective tissue of human society, sustained by a continuous physical dialogue between engineered infrastructure and its surroundings. Radio signals emitted from base stations traverse terrain, diffract around buildings and scatter through streets before reaching billions of users. Together, these interactions produce the city-wide radio environment on which every network decision rests. Shaping this environment through deployment and optimization determines the connectivity societies rely on, yet learning it effectively at city scale and generalizing across diverse cities and deployments remain open challenges. Here we answer positively by introducing ChaRT, a foundation model that learns transferable radio representations from measurement reports generated by operational networks. These reports provide abundant multi-cell, multi-beam observations without dedicated campaigns, forming a scalable data foundation for city-scale learning. ChaRT embeds beam-level angular structure, network hierarchy and propagation-regime diversity in its architecture, and is pretrained through context-aware masked beam modelling and self-distillation with channel-model-constrained augmentation. We pretrain ChaRT on over one billion reports comprising 18.2 billion beam-level observations from 3,503 cells in one city. With a single set of weights, ChaRT reconstructs radio environments in unseen cities and transfers to radio map construction, new-site prediction and network parameter tuning. With only 1% of labelled data, it supports user localization, beam prediction, propagation scenario classification and estimation of the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio. The learned representation further enables beamspace clustering for reusable radio-grid construction. These results establish ChaRT as a transferable foundation for network-wide intelligence.