Substrate-induced crystallisation in polymers: Exceptional impact of prefreezing versus heterogeneous nucleation on kinetics and morphology

RESUMO

Crystallisation of liquids often occurs at solid surfaces, via heterogeneous nucleation or prefreezing. Understanding this process is crucial for controlling crystal morphology in thin films and developing efficient nucleating agents - especially for polymers, typically processed in a molten state. However, the efficiency of nucleation and prefreezing with respect to crystallisation kinetics and semicrystalline polymer morphology has not been well studied and remains unclear. Here, we address this challenge by conducting a systematic study of substrate-induced crystallisation in dewetted droplets of the model polymer poly($\varepsilon$-caprolactone) (PCL) on various crystalline and amorphous substrates. Using polarized light optical microscopy, droplet crystallisation temperature was monitored and varied across the substrates, revealing three scenarios: close-to-homogeneous nucleation on glass and silicon; heterogeneous nucleation on ordered and disordered carbon-rich substrates; and prefreezing on graphene. The temperature-dependent nucleation rate was analysed and found to obey classical nucleation theory for all systems except PCL on graphene, where it diverges as all the droplets crystallise simultaneously. The highest in- and out-of-plane PCL crystal orientation is found on graphene, where the epitaxially grown lamellae extend vertically over several hundred nanometres. These results demonstrate that prefreezing has a superior influence on crystallisation kinetics and crystal morphology, making prefreezing substrates perfect nucleating agents.