Rotating vortex patches: rigidity, bifurcation, and unified structures

RESUMO

This monograph presents a systematic account of several classical and recent developments in the theory of rotating vortex patches, or V-states, for the two-dimensional Euler equations and related active scalar models. Its purpose is both expository and structural: we revisit some of the foundational results of the subject, provide detailed proofs and alternative formulations, and present more recent results within a common analytical framework. We begin with Euler vortex patches and the contour dynamics formulation of rigidly rotating solutions. We then develop two complementary approaches to the V-state equation, based on Cauchy integrals and conformal mappings, and discuss their connections with potential theory and Faber polynomials. These tools are used to revisit classical examples, including Rankine vortices and Kirchhoff ellipses, as well as rigidity and classification results. A substantial part is devoted to Burbea construction of noncircular V-states via bifurcation theory. The final part develops a unified approach to rotating patches for a broad class of incompressible active scalar equations. Structural properties of the interaction kernel, in particular complete monotonicity and the resulting spectral factorization, yield a common bifurcation framework encompassing the Euler, generalized surface quasi-geostrophic, quasi-geostrophic shallow-water, and related models.