Performance Analysis of LoRa and LR-FHSS in 3GPP LEO Satellite and HAPS Channel Scenarios for Remote Area IoT Coverage

RESUMO

In this paper, we analyze and compare the performance of LoRa and LR-FHSS in a remote area Internet-of-Things (IoT) connectivity scenario using a low-earth orbit (LEO) satellites and high-altitude platform station (HAPS)-mounted gateway. We conducted a link budget analysis to evaluate communication stability to assess the ability of the technologies to support the different distances and behaviors using a 3GPP channel model for non-terrestrial networks. Several parameters are considered, such as altitude, minimum elevation angle as well as the impact of different types of loss, such as shadow and fast fading, ionosphere scintillation loss, for example. Our findings highlight the performance gap between LR-FHSS and LoRa in terms of both connectivity. We also highlight how lower HAPS altitudes can benefit certain LoRa settings compared to LEO satellites. We show that HAPS can enable the use of lower LoRa spreading factors, which improves scalability and energy efficiency, while LR-FHSS and a higher spreading factor LoRa remain the solution for LEO satellites.