On the computation of fold and cusp bifurcations in mass action networks via dual equations

RESUMO

This paper presents some results useful in identifying or ruling out fold and cusp bifurcations in mass action networks, and hence in studying multistationarity in these networks. The main result is that the occurrence of fold and cusp bifurcations in mass action networks can be confirmed or ruled out using alternative systems of equations, obtained using principles of Gale duality, rather than the original mass action equations. This can, for certain classes of networks, greatly simplify the calculations involved, avoiding the need for explicit centre manifold reduction or Lyapunov-Schmidt reduction when checking bifurcation, nondegeneracy and transversality conditions. Moreover, the approach leads to immediate corollaries on the non-occurrence of bifurcations in classes of networks with certain combinatorial properties. We present a number of examples illustrating the results and corollaries.