Klein bottle and optimal systolic inequality for nonpositively curved surfaces

RESUMO

We show that the systolic area of every nonpositively curved closed surface $M$ other than the torus is at least $1$, with equality if and only if $M$ is isometric to a square flat Klein bottle. The proof focuses on the Klein-double $4\mathbb RP^2$ and exploits Weil's isoperimetric inequality and a comparison theorem involving a new kind of exponential-type map.