Deep H$α$ Imaging Survey of IC 348 with the Hubble Space Telescope: I. Accretion Properties of Stellar and Substellar Objects

RESUMO

Accretion governs the growth of young stars and the early evolution of their circumstellar disks, yet population-level measurements of accretion are often hampered by heterogeneous diagnostics and by samples preferentially selected toward disk-bearing or accreting objects. This can impact the mass accretion rate-stellar mass ($\dot{M}$-$M_\star$) relation, particularly at substellar masses. We present a uniform analysis of accretion in the $\sim$2 Myr-old star-forming cluster IC 348 based on deep Hubble Space Telescope F656N imaging. Using H$\alpha$ excess as a single, homogeneous accretion tracer, we derive accretion rates and robust upper limits for 200 cluster members spanning the stellar to substellar mass regime ($3\ M_\odot$ to $4\ M_{\rm Jup}$). Accretion is detected in $37\pm3\%$ of the sample, with fractions of $34\pm4\%$ among stellar members and $46\pm6\%$ among substellar objects. For accretors alone, the inferred $\dot{M}$-$M_\star$ relation is consistent with those measured in similarly aged regions such as Lupus. In contrast, including weak accretors and non-detections increases the scatter and flattens the slope while lowering the intercept, demonstrating the strong influence of the low-accretion tail on population-level accretion relations. For free-floating planetary-mass objects in IC 348, extrapolating the accretors-only fit overpredicts $\dot{M}$ by approximately an order of magnitude compared to the fit that includes upper limits, which instead implies mass accretion rates of $<10^{-12}$ $M_{\odot}\ \mathrm{yr}^{-1}$. These results show that sample selection, specifically whether the sample is restricted to disk-bearing or accreting targets, or instead is drawn from a complete membership census, is a dominant factor shaping population-level accretion relations across a wide dynamic range in stellar mass.