High-Performance Photonic Crystal Biosensors using Sub-wavelength Nanopillars

RESUMO

Photonic-crystal (PC) slabs composed of subwavelength silicon pillars erected on a thin silicon backing layer, with heights of only one or half lattice constant, are simulated for optical biosensing by numerical solution of Maxwell's equations. Localized optical cavity modes that form waveguides in the direction of biofluid flow, with quality factors surpassing \(10^4\), are embedded within the 2D photonic band gap of the 3D structure. Remarkable sensitivity to analyte binding is achieved using fragmented thin silicon pillars in regions of maximum localized optical-field intensity. Exceptional quality factors are realized through destructive wave interference of vertical radiation loss. This provides a rare combination of high sensitivity and low limit of detection in a device with minimal time requirement for analyte binding. The sensitivity to analyte binding is a frequency shift of nearly \(0.004\,[2\pi c/a]\) per analyte-thickness increment \(0.1a\). The sensitivity to background biofluid change is about \(4800\) nm per refractive index unit (RIU) for a specific lattice constant \(a = 5\,\mu\mathrm{m}\) using light of wavelength \(16.5\,\mu\mathrm{m}\).