The role of anisotropy in $f(Q)$ gravity: insights from cosmological observations

RESUMO

We investigate the cosmological dynamics of Bianchi-I spacetime in symmetric teleparallel $f(Q)$ gravity through a dynamical system approach to analyse observational constraints. By reformulating the modified field equations into an autonomous system, we analyse two representative $f(Q)$ models and constrain their parameters using Pantheon Plus, DES Y5, DESI DR2, and compressed CMB data. The observational analysis yields consistent constraints across all dataset combinations and tightly bounds the anisotropic contribution, indicating that deviations from isotropy remain small. Both models reproduce the standard matter-dominated evolution and the observed late-time accelerated expansion while exhibiting distinct dark-energy dynamics. Model I undergoes a smooth phantom-divide crossing and approaches a de Sitter phase in the asymptotic future, whereas Model II evolves from an early phantom regime toward a cosmological-constant-like state around the present epoch, closely mimicking the late-time evolution of the $\Lambda$CDM model. These results indicate that anisotropic $f(Q)$ cosmology remains consistent with current background observations while admitting characteristic dark-energy evolution that may be testable with future cosmological surveys.