At Equal Inference Cost, Multi-Agent Structure Does Not Beat a Single Frozen Agent

RESUMO

Multi-agent LLM pipelines, such as Planner-Executor-Critic teams, often report gains over single agents, but these gains usually come with higher inference cost because the team makes multiple model calls per environment step. Existing automated methods search over roles, topologies, and prompts, but typically compare teams against single agents at equal environment rollouts, giving the team extra compute. We instead fix the total number of language-model calls and ask whether evolving a multi-agent team still beats evolving a single agent under the same budget. We introduce MA-Evolve, which represents a Planner-Executor-Critic team as three evolvable role prompts and optimizes them by per-role coordinate ascent over a shared frozen 7B backbone. On ALFWorld, evolving a single executor significantly improves over the unevolved agent, while the full team achieves the highest mean but is not statistically better than the single agent: 0.769 versus 0.754, p = 0.80, despite using 1.8 times more evaluation calls. Leave-one-in analysis shows that the realized value comes entirely from the executor; the planner and critic evolve to empty or low-impact prompts and rarely change the executor's action. With 2-3 times free compute, the team only matches the single agent, and on WebShop evolution is null while the team trends worse. Under equal inference cost, multi-agent structure adds cost without clear benefit.